The reddish phenomenon in galls is commonly associated with anthocyanin accumulation triggered by different stimuli, including metal, which provides a more efficient antioxidant defense.
One of the most fascinating aspects of the plant immune system is the growth versus defense antagonism. This phenomenon describes a physiological condition where the activation of defense mechanisms suppresses growth, and vice-versa.
Bioregionalizations constitute an important tool to synthesize biodiversity knowledge, essential for conservation planning. Bioregions currently recognized in the Neotropics have been delineated using different methods and biological groups, frequently suggesting conflicting results.
